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Place · Level 3
电信号、髓鞘、神经递质、能量供应和血脑屏障共同决定身体如何感知与行动
synergy · 1
Exercise-induced muscle releases BDNF + irisin → enters blood → crosses BBB or acts at periventricular regions → neuroplasticity + cognition + antidepressant effect. The molecular basis of 'exercise is the best antidepressant.'
cofactor · 2
Adenosylcobalamin-dependent MUT failure mis-incorporates odd-chain fatty acids into myelin → subacute combined degeneration. Reversible <6 mo, permanent >12 mo. MMA is the most sensitive biomarker.
The semicircular canals register rotation, not translation: turn your head and the fluid lags by inertia, bending the cupula and with it the hair bundles, which fire down the nerve at once. In a lift going straight up, the push is equal on both sides and they stay quiet.
regulates · 10
Gut produces ~90% of body 5-HT; SCFA activates GPR41/43 → vagus → brain. The brain controls motility via ENS 500M neurons. The 'second brain' is literal.
The hypothalamus orchestrates neuroendocrine integration: HPA (cortisol), HPT (thyroid), HPG (reproductive) all originate in PVN/ARC — chronic stress systemically disrupts all three hormone axes through this hub.
Motor neurons → neuromuscular junction → muscle contraction. Loss of innervation causes disuse atrophy within weeks; Mg²⁺ plugs NMDA receptors contributing to neuromuscular excitability control.
Autonomic nervous system (vagal/sympathetic) directly controls HR and vascular tone — HRV is the simplest non-invasive index of neural-cardiac integration; chronic stress keeps sympathetic locked on, elevating CVD risk.
Modern migraine model: trigeminovascular activation → CGRP release → meningeal nociceptive afferents → pain + central sensitization. CGRP monoclonals (erenumab/fremanezumab/galcanezumab/eptinezumab) + small-molecule gepants have rewritten prevention + acute care since 2018.
Respiration drives brainstem autonomic tone via chemoreceptors (pCO2/pH) + stretch receptors. Chronic hypercapnia (OSA, COPD) → cognitive decline + depression/anxiety. Chronic hyperventilation → mimics panic attacks.
Inflammation → 'sickness behavior' (low drive + somnolence + anorexia + social withdrawal) via IL-6 / IL-1β / TNF crossing into brain → neuroinflammation, the inflammatory subtype of depression. Gut→immune→brain is the real architecture of the gut-brain axis.
Caffeine is shaped like adenosine: it parks in the neuron's adenosine receptors without pressing the button, locking the 'time to sleep' signal outside the door. It doesn't give you energy — it mutes the fatigue signal for a while.
Pre-training static stretch's acute -5% strength is neurally mediated (reflex inhibition + muscle-tendon compliance ↑ → force transmission ↓) — not structural damage.
When one frequency band's cochlear output thins out, auditory structures further up become MORE active at suprathreshold levels (central gain enhancement): inhibitory markers fall, intrinsic excitability rises, spontaneous firing increases. Tinnitus mostly arises along this pathway rather than in the ear itself.