depletes

depletes · 17

Alcohol Metabolism Folatestrong · 1 cited
Long-term drinking drains folate in several ways: it blocks absorption in the gut, increases loss through the kidneys and disrupts one-carbon metabolism in the liver. Alcohol combined with low folate raises homocysteine and throws DNA methylation off, which is thought to speed up alcoholic liver damage. Drinking in pregnancy is especially dangerous, and low folate adds to the risk of neural-tube defects.
Alcohol Metabolism Thiaminstrong · 1 cited
Long-term drinking makes the gut absorb thiamin (vitamin B1) poorly and depletes the body's stores, while its need for thiamin does not fall. The most serious result is Wernicke encephalopathy, with abnormal eye movements, unsteady walking and confusion, which can progress to Korsakoff syndrome. A long-term drinker with these symptoms needs emergency care right away; hospitals usually give B1 before giving glucose to such patients, so as not to set off an acute attack.
Drug–Nutrient Vitamin B12strong · 1 cited
Long-term metformin use goes with low B12; one explanation is that it interferes with the calcium-dependent step of B12 uptake in the ileum. In DPPOS the risk of B12 deficiency was about 1.13 times higher for each year of use (about 13% higher), so periodic B12 checks are routine monitoring.
GERD Vitamin B12strong · 1 cited
Long-term acid suppression has a real cost: the vitamin B12 in food is bound to protein, and stomach acid and pepsin have to free it first. With acid suppressed, that step struggles; in a large case-control study, people who had used proton pump inhibitors for two years or more had a higher risk of B12 deficiency, so long-term users should have their B12 monitored.
Immune Aging & Inflammaging Sarcopeniastrong · 2 cited
Inflammation and muscle loss may form a vicious circle: rising inflammation speeds up muscle breakdown; with less muscle, activity drops, abdominal fat increases, and inflammation climbs again. This is one reason keeping muscle matters so much for health in old age.
Male Fat Loss Testosterone & Agingstrong · 2 cited
Belly fat is not a quiet storehouse: the aromatase in fat converts testosterone to estrogen, which in turn dampens the brain's signal to the testes (Kelly 2015). In this loop, obesity lowering testosterone is a stronger effect than the reverse; obesity-related low testosterone is usually functional, and what needs treating is the obesity itself (Grossmann 2018).
Menstrual Cycle Ironstrong · 3 cited
Blood carries about 0.5 mg of iron per mL, and a period typically loses 30–40 mL, so 15–20 mg of iron leaves with it. That monthly exit is the main reason the iron recommendation for women of reproductive age is nearly double a man's (it is set near the heavy end of the range, not at the average). More than 80 mL counts as heavy menstrual bleeding, and the iron lost more than doubles.
Pregnancy & Lactation Ironstrong · 2 cited
Blood volume expands by about 50% in pregnancy, and the fetus and placenta build their own blood on top of that, which pushes the US iron recommendation from 18 mg a day to 27 mg. That is not a matter of eating a bit more; the whole balance sheet has changed.
Pregnancy & Lactation Folatestrong · 2 cited
The neural tube closes about 24–28 days after conception, a time of very fast cell division, and folate supplies the one-carbon units needed to make DNA. Many people do not yet know they are pregnant at that point, so the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends that everyone planning or able to become pregnant take 400–800 µg of folic acid a day, starting before pregnancy rather than at the first prenatal visit.
Testosterone & Aging Sleep Architecture & Sleep Debtstrong · 3 cited
Testosterone release peaks during sleep at night, and chronic short sleep pushes it down; in population studies, people with moderate to severe sleep apnea also have lower testosterone. Getting enough sleep is the highest-return step here, ahead of any testosterone-boosting supplement.
Type 2 Diabetes Vitamin B12strong · 2 cited
Metformin is a first-line drug, cheap, with decades of safety data; one of its costs is that long-term use lowers vitamin B12, generally thought to be by interfering with calcium-dependent absorption at the end of the small intestine. In a large follow-up study, 4.3% of people on metformin had low B12 at 5 years, versus 2.3% on placebo. That is not a reason to stop the drug; it is a reason to monitor.
Alcohol Metabolism Proteinmoderate · 2 cited
People who drink heavily over the long term often eat too little and absorb poorly, so they tend to run short of protein and energy, and their absorption of vitamin B1, B12 and folate falls; alcohol also damages muscle directly (alcoholic myopathy), speeding up muscle loss.
Drug–Nutrient Magnesiummoderate · 1 cited
Long-term acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and diuretics can both lower magnesium: PPIs are thought to reduce intestinal uptake, and diuretics let more magnesium leave in the urine. The FDA issued a PPI low-magnesium warning in 2011, suggesting that for people expected to stay on the drug long term, doctors consider checking magnesium before starting and during treatment.
Drug–Nutrient Coenzyme Q10moderate · 1 cited
Statins block the mevalonate pathway and lower blood CoQ10 along with it; but a meta-analysis of randomized trials found no benefit of CoQ10 supplements for statin-associated muscle pain (Banach 2015).
GERD Osteoporosismoderate · 3 cited
Long-term acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), usually for more than a year, may reduce the absorption of calcium and B12 and can cause low blood magnesium (the subject of an FDA safety communication in 2011); observational studies see a slightly higher fracture risk in long-term users. People who need long-term acid suppression can review bone health, calcium and vitamin D with their doctor, and whether the dose can be lowered or stopped.
Smoking Vitamin Cmoderate · 3 cited
The steady stream of oxidants in smoke uses vitamin C up faster: an isotope study found faster turnover in men smoking more than 20 cigarettes a day, so the dietary reference intakes add 35 mg a day for smokers. In people regularly exposed to secondhand smoke, blood vitamin C fell between that of smokers and the unexposed (a small cross-sectional study). Vegetables and fruit can cover the gap.
Caffeine + L-Theanine Calciumweak · 2 cited
Caffeine does slightly depress calcium absorption in the gut, but only very slightly, and it has no effect on the total calcium passed in urine over 24 hours (Heaney 2002). How slight? One or two tablespoons of milk fully offset it. In people who meet their calcium needs there is no evidence that caffeine harms bone. It is worth knowing precisely because it is small: a real interaction that marketing has inflated.

depletes · 17

Alcohol Metabolism Folatestrong · 1 cited

Long-term drinking drains folate in several ways: it blocks absorption in the gut, increases loss through the kidneys and disrupts one-carbon metabolism in the liver. Alcohol combined with low folate raises homocysteine and throws DNA methylation off, which is thought to speed up alcoholic liver damage. Drinking in pregnancy is especially dangerous, and low folate adds to the risk of neural-tube defects.

Alcohol Metabolism Thiaminstrong · 1 cited

Long-term drinking makes the gut absorb thiamin (vitamin B1) poorly and depletes the body's stores, while its need for thiamin does not fall. The most serious result is Wernicke encephalopathy, with abnormal eye movements, unsteady walking and confusion, which can progress to Korsakoff syndrome. A long-term drinker with these symptoms needs emergency care right away; hospitals usually give B1 before giving glucose to such patients, so as not to set off an acute attack.

Drug–Nutrient Vitamin B12strong · 1 cited

Long-term metformin use goes with low B12; one explanation is that it interferes with the calcium-dependent step of B12 uptake in the ileum. In DPPOS the risk of B12 deficiency was about 1.13 times higher for each year of use (about 13% higher), so periodic B12 checks are routine monitoring.

GERD Vitamin B12strong · 1 cited

Long-term acid suppression has a real cost: the vitamin B12 in food is bound to protein, and stomach acid and pepsin have to free it first. With acid suppressed, that step struggles; in a large case-control study, people who had used proton pump inhibitors for two years or more had a higher risk of B12 deficiency, so long-term users should have their B12 monitored.

Immune Aging & Inflammaging Sarcopeniastrong · 2 cited

Inflammation and muscle loss may form a vicious circle: rising inflammation speeds up muscle breakdown; with less muscle, activity drops, abdominal fat increases, and inflammation climbs again. This is one reason keeping muscle matters so much for health in old age.

Male Fat Loss Testosterone & Agingstrong · 2 cited

Belly fat is not a quiet storehouse: the aromatase in fat converts testosterone to estrogen, which in turn dampens the brain's signal to the testes (Kelly 2015). In this loop, obesity lowering testosterone is a stronger effect than the reverse; obesity-related low testosterone is usually functional, and what needs treating is the obesity itself (Grossmann 2018).

Menstrual Cycle Ironstrong · 3 cited

Blood carries about 0.5 mg of iron per mL, and a period typically loses 30–40 mL, so 15–20 mg of iron leaves with it. That monthly exit is the main reason the iron recommendation for women of reproductive age is nearly double a man's (it is set near the heavy end of the range, not at the average). More than 80 mL counts as heavy menstrual bleeding, and the iron lost more than doubles.

Pregnancy & Lactation Ironstrong · 2 cited

Blood volume expands by about 50% in pregnancy, and the fetus and placenta build their own blood on top of that, which pushes the US iron recommendation from 18 mg a day to 27 mg. That is not a matter of eating a bit more; the whole balance sheet has changed.

Pregnancy & Lactation Folatestrong · 2 cited

The neural tube closes about 24–28 days after conception, a time of very fast cell division, and folate supplies the one-carbon units needed to make DNA. Many people do not yet know they are pregnant at that point, so the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends that everyone planning or able to become pregnant take 400–800 µg of folic acid a day, starting before pregnancy rather than at the first prenatal visit.

Testosterone & Aging Sleep Architecture & Sleep Debtstrong · 3 cited

Testosterone release peaks during sleep at night, and chronic short sleep pushes it down; in population studies, people with moderate to severe sleep apnea also have lower testosterone. Getting enough sleep is the highest-return step here, ahead of any testosterone-boosting supplement.

Type 2 Diabetes Vitamin B12strong · 2 cited

Metformin is a first-line drug, cheap, with decades of safety data; one of its costs is that long-term use lowers vitamin B12, generally thought to be by interfering with calcium-dependent absorption at the end of the small intestine. In a large follow-up study, 4.3% of people on metformin had low B12 at 5 years, versus 2.3% on placebo. That is not a reason to stop the drug; it is a reason to monitor.

Alcohol Metabolism Proteinmoderate · 2 cited

People who drink heavily over the long term often eat too little and absorb poorly, so they tend to run short of protein and energy, and their absorption of vitamin B1, B12 and folate falls; alcohol also damages muscle directly (alcoholic myopathy), speeding up muscle loss.

Drug–Nutrient Magnesiummoderate · 1 cited

Long-term acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and diuretics can both lower magnesium: PPIs are thought to reduce intestinal uptake, and diuretics let more magnesium leave in the urine. The FDA issued a PPI low-magnesium warning in 2011, suggesting that for people expected to stay on the drug long term, doctors consider checking magnesium before starting and during treatment.

Drug–Nutrient Coenzyme Q10moderate · 1 cited

Statins block the mevalonate pathway and lower blood CoQ10 along with it; but a meta-analysis of randomized trials found no benefit of CoQ10 supplements for statin-associated muscle pain (Banach 2015).

GERD Osteoporosismoderate · 3 cited

Long-term acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), usually for more than a year, may reduce the absorption of calcium and B12 and can cause low blood magnesium (the subject of an FDA safety communication in 2011); observational studies see a slightly higher fracture risk in long-term users. People who need long-term acid suppression can review bone health, calcium and vitamin D with their doctor, and whether the dose can be lowered or stopped.

Smoking Vitamin Cmoderate · 3 cited

The steady stream of oxidants in smoke uses vitamin C up faster: an isotope study found faster turnover in men smoking more than 20 cigarettes a day, so the dietary reference intakes add 35 mg a day for smokers. In people regularly exposed to secondhand smoke, blood vitamin C fell between that of smokers and the unexposed (a small cross-sectional study). Vegetables and fruit can cover the gap.

Caffeine + L-Theanine Calciumweak · 2 cited

Caffeine does slightly depress calcium absorption in the gut, but only very slightly, and it has no effect on the total calcium passed in urine over 24 hours (Heaney 2002). How slight? One or two tablespoons of milk fully offset it. In people who meet their calcium needs there is no evidence that caffeine harms bone. It is worth knowing precisely because it is small: a real interaction that marketing has inflated.