Kalt 2020 的综述指出,花青素在人体里吸收很差,能观察到的作用更像信号分子:温和地调动身体自己的抗氧化和解毒通路(比如 Nrf2 这条通路),而不是自己跑去中和自由基。这一步的细节主要来自细胞和动物研究,这些分子究竟改变了细胞的哪些行为,目前还说不准;这条思路机制上说得通,人体结局的证据却很少。
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. (2012). Withdrawal of the USDA ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) database for selected foods. ARS stated ORAC values are biologically misleading because in-vitro antioxidant capacity does not predict in-vivo health effects. www.ars.usda.gov
Schauss, A. G., Wu, X., Prior, R. L., Ou, B., Huang, D., Owens, J., et al. (2006). Antioxidant capacity and other bioactivities of the freeze-dried Amazonian palm berry, Euterpe oleraceae Mart. (açai). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(22), 8604-8610. The high in-vitro ORAC / superoxide-scavenging result that fueled açaí 'antioxidant king' marketing; in-vitro only. 10.1021/jf0609779
Kalt, W., Cassidy, A., Howard, L. R., Krikorian, R., Stull, A. J., Tremblay, F., & Zamora-Ros, R. (2020). Recent research on the health benefits of blueberries and their anthocyanins. Advances in Nutrition, 11(2), 224-236. Anthocyanins are poorly absorbed and act more as signaling molecules; human disease-outcome evidence is modest. 10.1093/advances/nmz065
Aliouche, H. (News-Medical). (2023). Is açaí berry really a superfood? The science behind its health benefits. Reviews that no human clinical trial has investigated açaí intake on cognitive function, cognitive decline, or neurodegenerative disease; most brain/anti-aging claims are extrapolated from animal and cell-culture studies. www.news-medical.net/health/Is-Acai-Berry-Really-a-Superfood-The-Science-Behind-its-Health-Benefits.aspx
Cassidy, A., Mukamal, K. J., Liu, L., Franz, M., Eliassen, A. H., & Rimm, E. B. (2013). High anthocyanin intake is associated with a reduced risk of myocardial infarction in young and middle-aged women. Circulation, 127(2), 188-196. Observational; ~93,600 women over 18 years. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.122408
Rivera, C. A., Ferro, C. L., Bursua, A. J., & Gerber, B. S. (2012). Probable interaction between Lycium barbarum (goji) and warfarin. Pharmacotherapy, 32(3), e50-e53. Case report (Naranjo 'probable') of markedly elevated INR and bleeding after goji juice in a warfarin patient, consistent with two prior reports. 10.1002/j.1875-9114.2012.01018.x