宝宝辅食 · 6 个月起身体在要什么

参考文献 · 13

1. Miniello, V. L., Verga, M. C., Miniello, A., Di Mauro, C., Diaferio, L., & Francavilla, R. (2021). Complementary feeding and iron status: 'the unbearable lightness of being' infants. Nutrients, 13(12), 4201. Narrative review: about half the iron needed for infant growth is transferred from the mother in the third trimester, so most healthy term infants have iron stores at birth adequate for about six months; stores become gradually depleted around then and breast milk alone, whose iron content is low, can no longer meet requirements; preterm or under-2500 g infants have low stores at birth; heme iron is highly bioavailable but only about 10% of dietary iron in children of meat-eating populations; unmodified cow's milk harms iron status through calcium and casein lowering non-heme iron absorption and occult intestinal blood loss, so it should not be used in the first 12 months; the AAP recommends iron supplements of 1 mg/kg/day from 4 to 6 months for exclusively or mostly breastfed infants, whereas the Italian expert panel gives iron only to infants with confirmed iron deficiency because of concerns about supplementing iron-replete infants (full text PMC8707490). 10.3390/nu13124201
2. Fewtrell, M., Bronsky, J., Campoy, C., Domellöf, M., Embleton, N., Fidler Mis, N., Hojsak, I., Hulst, J. M., Indrio, F., Lapillonne, A., & Molgaard, C. (2017). Complementary feeding: a position paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 64(1), 119–132. Complementary foods should not be introduced before 4 months (17 weeks) and not delayed beyond 6 months (26 weeks); offer a variety of flavours and textures including bitter green vegetables; whole cows' milk should not be the main drink before 12 months; allergenic foods may be introduced any time after 4 months; infants at high risk of peanut allergy (severe eczema, egg allergy or both) should have peanut introduced between 4 and 11 months after specialist evaluation; gluten between 4 and 12 months, avoiding large quantities in the first weeks; all infants should receive iron-rich complementary foods including meat and/or iron-fortified foods; no added sugar or salt, avoid fruit juice and sugar-sweetened drinks; respond to hunger and satiety cues and avoid feeding to comfort or reward (abstract, PMID 28027215). 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001454
3. NHS. (2026). Your baby's first solid foods. Start at around 6 months; breast milk or first infant formula provide the energy and nutrients needed until then (except vitamin D in some cases); premature babies: ask a health visitor or GP. Three signs together show readiness: sits and holds head steady, coordinates eyes, hands and mouth to pick up food and put it in the mouth, swallows rather than spits out; chewing fists, waking more at night or wanting extra milk feeds are normal and not signs of readiness, and solids will not make a baby sleep through the night. Do not add sugar or salt (salt is not good for babies' kidneys; sugar causes tooth decay). Go at the baby's pace, stop at signs of fullness such as closing the mouth or turning the head away, do not force; it may take 10 tries or more to get used to new foods; minimise screens at meals. Move from purées to mashed, lumpy or finger foods as soon as the baby can manage. Avoid hard foods like whole nuts, raw carrot or apple; remove pips, stones and bones; cut small round foods like grapes and cherry tomatoes into quarters; always stay with the baby while eating; gagging (watering eyes, tongue pushing forward, retching) is different from choking (page last reviewed 2026). www.nhs.uk/baby/weaning-and-feeding/babys-first-solid-foods
4. NHS. (2024). How to stop a child from choking. If the child is coughing loudly, encourage coughing and stay; if the cough is silent or they cannot breathe in properly, shout for help; while conscious, for babies under 1 give up to 5 back blows (face down along your thigh or forearm, head supported, heel of the hand between the shoulder blades) then up to 5 chest thrusts (face up, head lower, 2 fingers just below the nipple line), checking between each; for children over 1, give up to 5 back blows in a forward-leaning position, then up to 5 abdominal thrusts, checking between each; call 999 if the blockage does not come out and keep repeating until help arrives; get medical help even if the object comes out; don't poke blindly with fingers; if the child becomes unconscious, call 999 and start CPR (page last reviewed 28 October 2024). www.nhs.uk/baby/first-aid-and-safety/first-aid/how-to-stop-a-child-from-choking
5. NHS. (2024). Food allergies in babies and young children. Introduce foods that can trigger allergy from around 6 months, one at a time, so a reaction can be spotted; if the baby has eczema or a diagnosed food allergy, or there is a family history of food allergy, eczema, asthma or hay fever, talk to a GP or health visitor first; once introduced and tolerated, keep these foods in the usual diet; delaying peanut and hen's egg beyond 6 to 12 months may increase the risk of allergy to them. Reactions usually start within minutes, up to 2 hours (cow's milk allergy up to 3 days): swollen lips or face, itchy watery eyes, wheezing and coughing, red itchy rash, worse eczema, vomiting, tummy pain, diarrhoea; anaphylaxis (breathing problems, swollen throat or tongue) is a medical emergency; do not cut out a major food such as milk without advice (page last reviewed 22 October 2024). www.nhs.uk/baby/weaning-and-feeding/food-allergies-in-babies-and-young-children
6. Domellöf, M., Braegger, C., Campoy, C., Colomb, V., Decsi, T., Fewtrell, M., et al. (2014). Iron requirements of infants and toddlers. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 58(1), 119–129. ESPGHAN position paper: rapid growth gives young children high iron requirements; risk factors for iron-deficiency anaemia include low birth weight, high cow's-milk intake and low intake of iron-rich complementary foods; no evidence that iron supplementation of pregnant women improves their offspring's iron status in a European setting; delayed cord clamping reduces the risk of iron deficiency; insufficient evidence for general iron supplementation of healthy normal-birth-weight European infants; marginally low-birth-weight infants (2000-2500 g) should receive iron supplements of 1-2 mg/kg/day; formula-fed infants up to 6 months should get iron-fortified formula; from 6 months all infants and toddlers should receive iron-rich foods including meat products and/or iron-fortified foods; unmodified cow's milk should not be the main milk drink before 12 months, and toddlers should have under 500 mL a day (abstract, PMID 24135983). 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000206
7. Sullivan, S. A., & Birch, L. L. (1994). Infant dietary experience and acceptance of solid foods. Pediatrics, 93(2), 271–277. 36 infants aged 4 to 6 months were randomly assigned to be fed one vegetable (peas or green beans, salted or unsalted) on 10 occasions over 10 days; after 10 exposures all infants significantly increased their intake; breastfed infants increased more than formula-fed infants (abstract, PMID 8121740). pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8121740
8. Coulthard, H., Harris, G., & Emmett, P. (2009). Delayed introduction of lumpy foods to children during the complementary feeding period affects child's food acceptance and feeding at 7 years of age. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 5(1), 75–85. ALSPAC cohort of 7821 mothers in England: 12.1% introduced lumpy solids before 6 months, 69.8% at 6 to 9 months, 18.1% after 9 months; children first given lumps after 9 months ate less of many food groups at 7 years, including all 10 fruit and vegetable categories, and had more feeding problems than those introduced at 6 to 9 months; observational, mother-reported (abstract, PMID 19161546). 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2008.00153.x
9. Yamamoto-Hanada, K., Koplin, J. J., Groetch, M., du Toit, G., & Ohya, Y. (2026). Preventing food allergy by early food introduction: East meets West with the Lack dual-allergen exposure theory. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 14(4), 740–750. Eczema is the strongest early-life risk factor, supporting the dual-allergen exposure hypothesis that a disrupted skin barrier facilitates sensitization while timely oral exposure promotes tolerance; early peanut introduction has strong preventive effects in Western countries with high peanut allergy prevalence but appears less impactful in Japan, where consumption and prevalence are low; early egg results are mixed; moisturizers alone are insufficient, eczema management may be crucial; sustained regular intake after introduction likely supports tolerance (abstract, PMID 41187903). 10.1016/j.jaip.2025.10.036
10. Du Toit, G., Roberts, G., Sayre, P. H., Bahnson, H. T., Radulovic, S., Santos, A. F., et al. (2015). Randomized trial of peanut consumption in infants at risk for peanut allergy. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(9), 803-813. The LEAP trial (640 high-risk infants 4-11 months); early regular peanut consumption reduced peanut allergy at age 5 (3.2% vs 17.2% with avoidance, ~80% relative risk reduction), reversing prior 'avoid early' guidance. Participants had severe eczema, egg allergy or both and were randomized at 4 to under 11 months; in the 530 skin-prick-negative infants, peanut allergy at 60 months was 13.7% with avoidance vs 1.9% with consumption; in the 98 skin-prick-positive infants, 35.3% vs 10.6%; no significant difference in serious adverse events; peanut-specific IgG4 rose mainly in the consumption group (abstract, PMID 25705822). 10.1056/NEJMoa1414850
11. Togias, A., Cooper, S. F., Acebal, M. L., Assa'ad, A., Baker, J. R., Beck, L. A., et al. (2017). Addendum guidelines for the prevention of peanut allergy in the United States: report of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases-sponsored expert panel. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 139(1), 29–44. Guideline 1: infants with severe eczema, egg allergy or both should have age-appropriate peanut-containing food as early as 4 to 6 months, with peanut-specific IgE and/or skin-prick testing strongly considered first; Guideline 2: mild-to-moderate eczema, around 6 months, may be at home; Guideline 3: no eczema or food allergy, introduce freely with other solids; other solids first to show developmental readiness; about 6 to 7 g of peanut protein a week over 3 or more feedings; whole nuts not under 5 years, peanut butter from a spoon or in lumps not under 4 years; home first feeding: give a small taste on the tip of a spoon, wait 10 minutes, then the rest at the usual pace, and stay with the infant for 2 hours; mild signs are a new rash or a few hives around the mouth or face; lip swelling, vomiting, widespread hives, face or tongue swelling, difficulty breathing, wheeze, repetitive coughing, pale or blue skin or sudden limpness need immediate medical attention (full text PMC5226648). 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.10.010
12. NHS. (2026). Foods to avoid giving babies and young children. No added salt, stock cubes or gravy, as salt is not good for babies' kidneys; no sugar or sweeteners including honey, syrup, fruit juice and smoothies (tooth decay), though fruit is fine; honey occasionally contains bacteria that can produce toxins in a baby's intestines causing infant botulism, so no honey before 1 year; no whole nuts under 5 years (choking), but crushed or ground nuts and nut butter spread on food are fine from around 6 months, and talk to a GP first if there is a family history of allergies; avoid mould-ripened soft and unpasteurised cheeses (listeria); hens' eggs without the British Lion mark should be cooked until white and yolk are solid; no rice drinks instead of milk under 5 (arsenic); avoid raw shellfish and shark, swordfish and marlin (mercury); raw jelly cubes are a choking hazard (page last reviewed 18 February 2026). www.nhs.uk/baby/weaning-and-feeding/foods-to-avoid-giving-babies-and-young-children
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2026). Botulism prevention. Honey can contain the bacteria that cause botulism; do not feed honey to a child who is younger than 1 year old. www.cdc.gov/botulism/prevention/index.html