Chyka, P. A., Seger, D., Krenzelok, E. P., & Vale, J. A.; AACT & EAPCCT. (2005). Position paper: Single-dose activated charcoal. Clinical Toxicology, 43(2), 61-87. Most effective within 1 h of ingestion; should not be administered routinely. 10.1081/clt-200051867
Juurlink, D. N. (2016). Activated charcoal for acute overdose: a reappraisal. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 81(3), 482-487. 10.1111/bcp.12793
Guengerich, F. P. (2008). Cytochrome P450 and chemical toxicology. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 21(1), 70–83. 10.1021/tx700079z
Elomaa, K., Ranta, S., Tuominen, J., & Lahteenmaki, P. (2001). Charcoal treatment and risk of escape ovulation in oral contraceptive users. Human Reproduction, 16(1), 76-81. Activated charcoal starting 3 h after the pill and >=12 h before the next dose avoided pharmacokinetic interference. (Id sai-2000 is a frozen key; the paper is Elomaa 2001.) 10.1093/humrep/16.1.76
Brooks, J. K., Bashirelahi, N., & Reynolds, M. A. (2017). Charcoal and charcoal-based dentifrices: a literature review. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 148(9), 661-670. Insufficient clinical/laboratory evidence to substantiate safety and efficacy claims. 10.1016/j.adaj.2017.05.001
Montero Tomás, D. B., Pecci-Lloret, M. P., & Guerrero-Gironés, J. (2023). Effectiveness and abrasiveness of activated charcoal as a whitening agent: a systematic review of in vitro studies. Annals of Anatomy, 245, 151998. Weak whitening evidence; abrasive profile that can wear enamel. 10.1016/j.aanat.2022.151998
Klein, A. V., & Kiat, H. (2015). Detox diets for toxin elimination and weight management: a critical review of the evidence. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 28(6), 675-686. Very little clinical evidence supports detox diets: a handful of clinical studies reported enhanced liver detoxification or removal of persistent organic pollutants, but they were hampered by flawed methods and small samples; evidence for particular foods (coriander, nori, olestra) is preliminary and mostly from animals; and, verbatim, 'no randomised controlled trials have been conducted to assess the effectiveness of commercial detox diets in humans' (abstract, PMID 25522674). 10.1111/jhn.12286