Vitamin E

synergy · 3

• ↔Selenium

  GPx (a selenoenzyme) clears H₂O₂ in cytosol; α-tocopherol halts lipid peroxidation in membranes. Two phases, one ROS strategy.

  REVIEW · AGUIDE · A

• ↔Vitamin C

  C (aqueous) and E (lipid) work together; C recycles oxidized E.

  GUIDE · A

• ←Fats & Omega-3

  Highly polyunsaturated fats (EPA/DHA) oxidize more readily — membrane α-tocopherol demand rises with fish-oil intake.

  COHORT · BGUIDE · A

antagonism · 1

• ↮Vitamin K1

  High-dose vitamin E (>800 IU/day) interferes with γ-carboxylation of K1-dependent clotting factors (II/VII/IX/X) → bleeding risk. Particular concern with warfarin/DOAC or recent surgery. Dietary doses (~15 mg/day) are fine.

  GUIDE · AGUIDE · A

regulates · 1

• →Heart

  Vitamin E stops a radical in the lipid phase and becomes a tocopheroxyl radical (TO•) itself, which vitamin C has to reduce back. High-dose E alone lets TO• accumulate — part of the chemistry behind large trials finding no cardiovascular benefit from E.

  GUIDE · AGUIDE · A