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synergy · 2
The electron transport chain that makes energy in mitochondria has two main entry points: one takes electrons from NADH and the other from FADH₂. NAD comes from niacin (B3) and FAD from riboflavin (B2), so the two vitamins each guard one entry to the same chain.
→Iron
Low riboflavin (vitamin B2) can hamper the absorption of iron and its release from storage for use; in populations where riboflavin is commonly low, anemia may improve more slowly when only iron is given. The evidence for this link comes mainly from animal studies and a few human studies.
cofactor · 1
The last subunit of these enzyme complexes takes the electrons from the lipoic acid arm and passes them first to FAD, then to NAD⁺. FAD is made from riboflavin (B2), so riboflavin runs the leg right after lipoic acid.
regulates · 1
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is one of the better-supported supplements for preventing migraine: in the body it becomes coenzymes such as FAD that take part in energy production in mitochondria. In a randomized trial, high-dose riboflavin reduced attacks more than placebo; it is cheap and safe, though the effect is not large.