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In celiac disease, after the enzyme tissue transglutaminase modifies (deamidates) gliadin from gluten, the immune system attacks it, the damage lands on the villi of the small intestine, and the absorptive surface is worn flat. Diagnosis requires blood tests and a biopsy, and the treatment is a strict gluten-free diet.
Coeliac disease is a gluten-triggered immune disease of the gut that often impairs absorption of iron, folate and B12, all of which are linked to mouth ulcers. Pooling 22 observational studies, people with coeliac disease have about 2.45 times the usual risk of recurrent mouth ulcers. This is an association, not proof; and the mouth signs of coeliac disease can appear years before gut symptoms, so recurring ulcers are worth asking a doctor about testing for it even without diarrhea.
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For people with celiac disease, a strict lifelong gluten-free diet is the treatment itself: take gliadin away and the target of the immune attack on the small-intestine villi goes with it. Gluten-free as a supermarket trend does not make people without celiac disease or wheat allergy healthier. With symptoms, get a diagnosis from a doctor first; stopping gluten on your own can make the celiac tests come back negative.